Angka Kekurangan Gizi pada Balita dan Pemberian ASi Eksklusif menurut WHO tahun 2015

Berikut data mengenai Angka Kekurangan Gizi pada Balita dan pemberian ASI Eksklusif yang kami sadur langsung dari situs resmi WHO:

Diperkirakan satu dari empat anak (23,2%), atau 156 juta anak-anak mengalami kekurangan gizi secara global pada tahun 2015, dan menghadapi risiko gangguan perkembangan kognitif dan fisik. Diperkirakan 93 juta anak balita (satu dari tujuh anak-anak secara global) menderita efek negatif dari kekurangan gizi, dan 45% dari kematian anak terkait dengan gizi.

Antara tahun 1990 dan 2015, prevalensi kurang gizi menurun dari 25% menjadi 14%, atau mengalami pengurangan 44% yang mengurangi separuh prevalensi kekurangan gizi dari target MDG’s 1. Daerah Afrika jumlah anak yang terkena dampak pengerdilan meningkat sebesar 28% antara 1990 dan 2015.

Pada tahun 1990, 28% dari bayi kurang dari enam bulan diberikan ASI eksklusif meningkat sekitar 34% pada tahun 2010. Selama periode ini, 25 negara mencatat peningkatan lebih dari 20% untuk pemberian ASI eksklusif.

Angka Kematian dan Penyebab Kematian Bayi Baru Lahir menurut WHO tahun 2015

Berikut data mengenai Angka Kematian bayi baru Lahir dan penyebabnya yang kami sadur langsung dari situs resmi WHO:

Upaya global untuk mengurangi angka kematian bayi telah memiliki dampak paling besar bayi saat bulan-bulan pertama hidup mereka. Pada 2015, ada 2,7 juta kematian neonatal (kematian dalam 28 hari pertama kehidupan) secara global, yang mewakili 45% dari seluruh kematian pada anak balita, dengan 73% terjadi dalam waktu tujuh hari lahir.

Angka kematian neonatal telah menurun di seluruh wilayah WHO sejak tahun 1990, dengan tingkat global yang turun dari 36,2 menjadi 19,2 kematian per 1.000 kelahiran hidup antara tahun 1990 dan 2015, dengan penurunan sebesar 47%. Namun, persentase kematian pada anak balita yang terjadi pada periode neonatal meningkat dari 40% menjadi 45% karena angka kematian pada usia 1-59 bulan menurun lebih cepat. Di Kawasan Pasifik Barat mengalami penurunan terbesar dalam NMR di 75%, sedangkan wilayah Mediterania Timur Daerah dan Wilayah Afrika terkecil (keduanya 38%). Sejak tahun 2000, angka kematian neonatal disebabkan oleh dua penyebab utama, asfiksia saat lahir (34%) dan prematuritas (21%). Kematian akibat tetanus neonatal telah menurun hampir 80% untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini:

Benefits of Red Betel Leaves For Health And Beauty

Well here's an article about the health benefits of red betel leaves are a great many properties such as: For health, beauty, eye treatment, facial, female, acne, cough, skin, teeth and others.

Benefits Betel Leaves Red

Red or Piper betel crocatum has many benefits. In addition to cure a variety of diseases, the benefits of betel leaves red is also used in events daughters palace and used to soften the skin. Along with the study of red betel, it was found that red betel contains flavonoids, polyphenols, alkoloid, tannins, oils atsirih, sapononin, allylprokatekol, karvokol, eugenol, p-cymene, cineole, coryofelen, kadimen, ekstragol, terpenana, and propoda , 

compounds and polyphenols flavoid itself useful as an antioxidant, antiflamasi, and antidiabetic. Meanwhile, excellent alkaloid compounds to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Red betel leaf decoction given to mice with diabetes also were able to reduce the sugar content. This is one proof that red betel can be used as controlling blood sugar in the body of patients with diabetes mellitus. Karvakol compound in red betel has merit as a disinfectant and antifungal, Very good if used as a mouthwash and vaginal discharge medications. 

In addition, the compound eugenol in red betel functioning analgesic or pain reliever. The content of tannin compounds to function as a healer diarrhea and antiseptic on the wound. Red betel gathering can be done by two ways, in a fresh state. Red betel can also be used as a single herb or combinewith other types of herbs.

Benefits of red Betel Leaves 

Red betel vines are planted by people because of the efficacy of treatment and also the beauty of the leaves. This plant is still closely with betel nut and pepper. The scientific name of plant origin is Piper crocatum Sulawesi, which is not cultivated plants originating from the American continent. And red betel can also be used as a cure diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, gout, kidney stones, lower cholesterol, prevent stroke, vaginal discharge, inflammation of the prostate, eye inflammation, ulcers, fatigue, and softens the skin. Consider the following information about the benefits of betel leaves more: 

1. Treating coughs

betel leaves are able to treat coughs, it is very easy provide 4 pieces of betel leaf, 3 leaves bidara upas and honey to taste. Betel leaves sliced, then boiled with upas bidara leaves in 2 cups of water to boil. Once cool, add honey to taste, then the mixture was made ​​to rinse. Try to reach the area of the esophagus. 

2. Reducing milk production

milk production is certainly not good excessive and wasteful. You can fix this by using a betel leaf. It's easy, take 4 pieces of betel leaf and spread with coconut oil. After the roast over the fire, do not get burned. In a state still warm, the betel leaf is attached around the breast. 

3. Heart disease

Provide 3 pieces of betel leaf, 7 pairs of seeds cubeb, 3 spring onions, and 1 tablespoon cumin. All ingredients until finely ground, plus 5 tablespoons of hot water, left a few minutes, then squeezed and filtered. The herb drink 2 times 1 day, and performed regularly. 

4. Treating Diseases Sfilis 

Benefits betel leaf sfilis able to treat the disease, how to easily prepare 25-30 betel leaves along the stems, 1/4 kg of palm sugar and salt to taste. All the ingredients are boiled together with 2 liters of water to boiling, then filtered. The herb drink 3 times 1 day continuously. 

5. Bronchitis

Provide 7 pieces of betel leaf and 1 piece of rock candy. Chopped betel leaves, then boiled with rock sugar with 2 cups water to boil down to 1 cup, and filtered. The herb drink 3 times a day 3 tablespoons. 

6. Overcoming Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a disease that can make you go back and forth to the bathroom, if you have diarrhea, you can try to solve it by using betel leaves by taking six pieces of betel leaf, 6 grains of pepper and 1 tablespoon of oil. Then mash the three ingredients until smooth, then rub it on the stomach with diarrhea. 

7. Treat bleeding gums

If you experience bleeding of the gums, the benefits of natural solutions betel leaves, treat it with betel leaves. Way, take 4 betel leaves and then boiled in two cups of water to boil. Once cool, boiled water is used for rinsing. Do it repeatedly until cured. 

8. Treating Nosebleeds

If you often have nosebleeds or bleeding in the nose, you can stop it by using betel leaves. You do this by taking one betel leaves are rather young, then pulverized, roll up while holding out the oil. Then use your nose to clog up the blood did not come out again. 

9. Treating cavities

If you megalami toothache because of cavities, immediately take the betel leaves and boiled in two cups of water to boil. The betel leaves boiled water used for rinsing. Perform erulang again until healed. 

10. Treating Cancer

betel leaf can be useful for treating cancer, you can use it to treat it by taking a few betel leaves, then boiled until the water is reduced to 1/4, then take the water decoction of the betel leaves, mix with honey. Drinks 3 times a day while still in a warm state. 

2. Urinating launched

betel leaf is a diuretic beneficial for the smooth urination. If you experience difficulty urinating disease, you can try using betel leaves to act unilaterally to make a betel leaf juice. The trick is to mix betel leaf juice with honey and milk, then drink for 1 week. 

7. Treat sores or hives

One benefit of betel leaf that can treat sores and itching caused by bacteria and fungi. You can treat it simply by boiling the leaves of the betel, than the boiled water used for bathing or also by itchy skin wash only. You do this by taking 15 to 20 pieces of betel leaf, then wash and boil. Wherever possible use boiled water betel leaf in a state still warm. 

8. Treating Acne

For those of you who have problems with acne and immediately wanted to remove it, trust in the efficacy of betel leaf. You can use betel leaves by taking 8 to 10 pieces of betel leaf, then wash, squeeze or coarsely ground, then brewed with hot water and use the water to wash the wound. Do it this way until 2 or 3 times a day. 

9. Body Odor Eliminating

you have problems with body odor, and want to eliminate it naturally. You can try using betel leaves to eliminate, because the efficacy of betel leaf is able to overcome body odor. The trick grab 5 betel leaves and boiled in two cups of water. Wait until the remaining up to 1 cup only. Then drink at noon. Do this until the odor is gone. 

10. Betel leaf efficacy may Treating Ulcers

If you're exposed to a boil, then you can use to treat betel leaves. It's easy, just by mashing old betel leaf to taste, then dab the affected area to boil. Tidaj betel leaf in order to escape, you should use the cloth bandage. 

Now that the benefits of betel leaf for treatment, health and beauty, do not miss to read also the benefits of soursop leaves.

Benefits of Papayas Seeds for Health Benefits

The following are the benefits and efficacy of papaya seeds for health, as well as a traditional herbal remedy for various diseases.

Papaya seeds can not be underestimated benefits, but can be used as highly efficacious drugs. 

1. Papaya seeds as antibacterial research has been carried out and found the papaya seeds if it is effective to eradicate E. coli, Salmonella and Staph infections. 
2. Papaya seeds in kidney protection. Peneliatian have found that the extract of papaya seeds can protect the kidneys of toxins induced renal failure. 
3. Papaya seeds in removing intestinal parasites. There is evidence that papaya seeds to eradicate intestinal parasites. In a study conducted on Nigerian children with intestinal parasites, 76.7% of children who received a placebo. 
4. Papaya seeds Exterminate liver toxin. In the treatment in the State China is believed if a teaspoon of papaya seeds can help detoxify the liver. Papaya seeds are often recommended by doctors naturally in the treatment of liver cirrhosis. 
5. Papaya seeds tackle intestinal worms. Embarrassing disease is also very good eradicated with papaya seeds, even very potent he said. 

Caution:

For pregnant women should never consume papaya seeds as a drug because it would lead to the risk of miscarriage. 

Benefits of Fruit Longan For Health

Fruit longan is a fruit that grows in the highlands with temperatures cold weather and manifold red soil, but in modern times with genetic science longan can also be cultivated in soil brown or black or in the lowlands. Scarcity fruit longan make the price of fruit is slightly more expensive than other fruits, of course you all already know to be the fruit longan, now we do not have hard to find this fruit, because fruit market also has much to sell it, of course you also never eat the fruit of longan The right ?, do you know that actually this Longan fruit has many benefits, the nutrients and vitamins contained in fruit longan brings many health benefits. Indeed, if we do not yet know the benefits kelengkeng exactly we would often mengabaikkanya, and therefore the way drugs would like to invite you all to understand more what are the benefits of this longan fruit, ok just let us see what the benefits;

Longan Fruit Benefits

Longan fruit contains many essential nutrients such as protein, vitamins, and also good kandengan other compounds, longan fruit benefits one of which is for beauty, here are some of them:

• Eliminate scars on the skin, in the longan compound can effectively eliminate scars.
• Prevent premature aging, anti-aging content in longan fruit proved to be effective to overcome the various signs of aging are like fine lines and black spots on the skin.
• For the beauty of the hair, longan seed contains saponins in them, these substances biasadipakai as an ingredient in the manufacture of shampoo to keep hair beauty.
• Lose weight, fat content and calories in the longan fruit is very low, very tepet for those of you who are on a diet.
• Benefits of longan itself is actually a lot of lo, we can get various benefits of this fruit both from the leaves, seeds, and fruit, when viewed from the all the properties of the fruit longan is a lot, and therefore I'll explain a little important, yes, urainnya below for more details;

1. Anti-depressants

Longan has a calming effect, improves nerve function, overcoming irritation and reduce fatigue. Longan can also treat insomnia and other sleep disorders. 

2. Helps the heart and spleen 

By reducing stress and fatigue, kelengkengkeng lighten the work of the heart and spleen. Longan also can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. 

3. Accelerate healing and extending life expectancy 

Fruit longan believed to accelerate the healing process and extend the life expectancy of this dikarenak in fruit longan contained polyphenol content that can mmerangi radicals in the body sehinggah damage to cells can be overcome, and keep in mind that the fruit longan also could prevent / reduce the occurrence of cancer. 

4. Blood circulation 

This is why longan can be used to prevent anemia. In addition, longan proven able to control the levels of iron in the body. 

5. Diet

Calories and fat levels of Longan fruit is very low at around 35 calories, so for those of you who want to implement the diet, can try other alternatives to the often consume these longan fruit. 

6. Energy source

It's almost the same number 5 above explanation, although fat and low-calorie, fruit longan contain complex carbohydrates that can be used as an alternative energy supply and increase your stamina. 

7. Prevent fever and flu 

This fruit is rich in vitamin C, including the fruit longan also contains vitamin C, so you must consume in order to prevent a variety of diseases that come when the immune system is again less fit, which is to protect the body from fever and flu / cold 

8. Skin health 

Healthy skin is skin that always appear bright and easy to dry, this can be overcome by frequent consumption of fruit longan, because it contains material anti-aging, whose main function is to prevent wrinkling of skin around the mat, miminimalisir damage and exfoliation and also can lighten skin color. 

9. Overcoming the loss of appetite, weakness and diarrhea affluent

Eat 60 grams of fresh longan, perform twice daily in the morning and evening. 

10. Amnesia, Mental Decline, anxiety (anxiety) 

"Tonic longan" (gui yan gao): 500 grams of fresh litchi fruit and 500 grams of sugar, bring to a boil in airhingga becomes thick. Drink each day of the spoon. Agency weak or repair the body after illness western consumption of 250 grams of fresh litchi fruit every day.

Longan Seed Benefits

1. longan seeds to treat snake bites

If you are bitten by a snake to neutralize toxins in order not to spread to the heart, you can try early treatment / first aid with mengurutnya with longan seeds, because the seeds kelengkeng in trust can absorb toxins due to snake bite and suck the poison.

2. Seeds Longan maintain healthy hair 

Surely you do not want it your hair quickly broken, dry and even easy to fall off, the natural way to care for your hair is to try to use seed longan for shampoo, because the seed longan contain substances saponin is the base material that is usually used to make shampoo 

3. Overcoming toes itch and purulent 

Take some longan seeds, roasted over the fire. Mash until smooth, spread it on the affected part. 4. Burns Take a skin or shell longan, grilled until charred. Finely crushed and mix with tung oil (Aleuritis fordii). Dab on the part and burn. 

5. Wounds that never healed 

Take a skin or shell longan, grilled until charred. Finely crushed and mix with olive oil. Apply on the injured area. 

Another benefit of longan fruit are as follows:

• Weak and lacking energy during pregnancy
• Healthy intestines
• Launched Various Diseases
• Peluruh Urine and Blood Circulation: The longan tree root efficacious as a laxative urine and blood circulation. 
• Anti-inflammatory and fever Silencer: The leaves of the tree longan efficacious as anti-inflammatory and fever reducer. 
• Eliminate Pain and Bleeding Stops

Efficacy Cloves To Health

Efficacy of CloveCloves or clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is native to Indonesia and has a variety of benefits, not only as a flavoring of food; also famous for treating various diseases. In European countries, clove is widely used as a spice in cooking spicy, whereas in Indonesia in addition to well-known to treat various diseases, clove is also used as the main ingredient of the typical Indonesian clove cigarettes. 

The following will explain some of the benefits of cloves to health, among others:

1. Overcoming Respiratory Infections. According to the professor from Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City; Neil Schachter, MD: Cloves works as an expectorant. which can thin the mucus in the esophagus and throat. Tea contains clove can help overcome respiratory infections.
2. Treating toothache. The cloves can be used to treat toothache is clove flower. To utilization is, roaster 5 to 10 grains of cloves then pounded until smooth. Clove powder is then sprinkled on the aching tooth. 
3. Overcoming acne blemishes According to Cornelia Zicu (staff Elizabeth Arden Red Door Spa), compound Euganol (known as a natural antiseptic for skin balance) contained cloves can be used to prevent acne and acne scars remove stains. 
4. Germs cleaners alternative compounds or natural antiseptic Euganol on clove beneficial to maintain the cleanliness of your goods. Clove oil can reduce bacteria or fungi present in the household items and prevent germs come back. The trick is to mix 1/2 scoop of clove oil with two cups of water and then spray it to places that are vulnerable exposed to bacteria or germs, such as the bathroom wall. 
5. Natural deodorizer clothing spicy aroma of cloves which would naturally cover up the odor, but it can maintain the freshness of your goods. One example of its use is for fragrance and refreshing on your clothing. The trick: keep some stem clove into your wardrobe and replace every 2-4 weeks, so that fresh aroma awake

Tips on How to Eliminate Acne Naturally

1.       How to Treat Acne With Egg White

To do that, separate the egg yolks and egg whites only grab. Whisk briefly and then apply to face and let sit for 15 minutes. The egg white will help reduce oil on the face that often causes acne.

2.       How to Treat Acne Acne With Toothpaste

One thing to note here toothpaste used were shaped pasta not shaped gel, Do almost the same premises both of the above. Apply toothpaste to acne and other parts around the pimples before sleeping. Let sit overnight / until the morning and then rinse with clean water.

3.       How to Treat Acne With Tomato

Fruit of this one other than good for eye health is also quite effective at removing black comedones (blackheads). The first thing to do is slice the tomatoes in half and rub over the face with acne and leave for 15 minutes - 1 hour and then rinse. and eat for treatment of in.

4.       How to Treat Acne With Aloe Vera

Caution Do not use the native tongue of the mouth of the crocodile yes, he ,, Take aloe leaf, cut into several pieces, peel the outer skin, apply at the emerging pimples, and repeat doing it this way every morning and evening. If you are patient enough, acne may be able to dry up and flake off for 3 days. Additionally aloe vera is also capable of removing stubborn acne scars. Once again the key is only one, painstaking. !!

5.       Treating Acne With Garlic

There are two options in using garlic to get rid of acne. First with two or more mashing garlic until quite smooth and then applied to the facial acne. Let stand for 10 minutes then rinse. While the second way is by eating one or more of garlic every day. Many say this is quite efekktif both ways, but for those of you who do not like the smell of garlic might be better to resort to the other. Do not worry there are many other natural ways which I will explain below.

6.       Treating Acne With Cleaning Face

Always cleaning face daily hygiene care of dirt and dust on the road. For we are always active and dealing with road dust, diligent cleaning the face before or after activity. As consumption from the inside, then multiply eat vegetables and drink water.

The fruit-containing water can be an alternative in treating the face of the deep. Because the contained in fruits and vegetables are believed to make your face more clean and radiant. 

Collection of Traditional Medicine to Eliminate Acne on Face Naturally

Your skin is your best friend, you love it and be proud of it, so you do a lot of care to protect the beauty of your skin. Until one day a pimple appears above your skin smooth, and suddenly you feel hate your face, you feel like the ugliest person in the world.

What do you do if you face a sudden breakouts? using chemical drugs that can be bought in pharmacies? using certain cosmetic products in order to disguise the small boil or use a natural remedy in the form of traditional herbs to get rid of acne bully it?

Everyone has a different way in treating diseases of the skin. In addition to the conservative and traditional, there are also several types of homeopathic remedies that are used to treat acne naturally. And for those of you who are interested in knowing how to cure acne naturally, here are 20 traditional natural remedies that you can use to get rid of pimples on the face permanently

1.  Apple cider vinegar

The main capabilities of apple cider vinegar is to kill the bacteria that cause infections in the face. Apple vinegar alkaline properties which are excellent in balancing the skin's pH conditions which in turn will inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Material:

• Unfiltered apple cider vinegar 
• Clean water

How to use:

First wash your face with clean water and dry. Then dip a cotton wool in vinegar and spread to an area of facial acne. Leave for 10 minutes then rinse your face with water until clean. Repeat this method several times a day. Use moisturizer afterwards if you feel that your skin becomes drier.

2.  Cinnamon and honey mask

Two of these ingredients does not seem suitable to eliminate acne because the honey is sticky and hot wood. When in fact cinnamon and honey are a couple very potent natural remedy to eliminate acne of the face.

Cinnamon has antimicrobial properties that can kill the bacteria quickly. And if the bacteria infect the skin already the honey is the right medication due to its nature as natural antibiotics.

Material:

• 2 tablespoons honey
• 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon (cinnamon)
• Paper towels

How to use:

Rinse your face with clean water then dry. Mix 2 tablespoons of honey with 1 teaspoon of cinnamon and mix well until it forms a kind of pasta. Apply the mask to the face and leave for about 10 minutes. Rinse taste and pat your face dry. Because the pasta is very sticky so use a paper towel to dry face.

3. Milk and Honey

Although some discussion refer to milk can cause the appearance of acne on the face, but many other studies also show the role of milk or yogurt that can get rid of acne naturally. Even Cleopatra queen of Egypt is famous for its beauty and the beauty of the skin because milk bath treatment he often did. This is because the acid in yogurt is antibacterial and fat can keep the skin moist.

Material:

• 1 tablespoon low­fat milk or yogurt (except skim milk)
• 1 tablespoon honey

How to use:

Allow the milk or yogurt at room temperature that is not too cool on contact with the skin. Mix 1 tablespoon of milk / yogurt with 1 tablespoon of honey. Stir until evenly distributed and then make the mask on the face until dry, then add it to your face until you feel a certain thickness enough.

Let this process lasts for 10­15 minutes. Then wash your face mask with a soft cloth in a circular motion that aims to get rid of dead skin on theface. After completion moisturise the face if your skin becomes very dry

4. Egg White

Egg white is the most natural way and the easiest to cure acne blemishes as well as eliminate stubborn acne scars. Egg whites contain proteins and vitamins are very high which is useful for building skin cells die quickly. Egg whites also absorb excess oil which means excess sebum can be minimized so that the bacteria is also more difficult to develop. To prevent skin becomes very dry, use a moisturizer after this natural acne treatment methods.

Material:

• 2­3 egg whites (separated by yellow)
• Bowl
• Duster

How to use:

Rinse your face with water and pat dry dry. Separate the egg yolks and whites. Beat the egg whites until frothy and let stand for several minutes. Apply egg white before use finger on the face as a whole and focus on areas with acne. Wait until dry and reapply as many as three to four times. Let stand for 20 minutes then rinse with warm water and dry with a soft cloth

5. Papaya to eliminate stubborn acne

Papaya fruit is one type of fruit that is widely used in beauty products today. The good news is you do not need to buy one by one the products to get the benefits. Sports itself and use papaya to treat acne naturally.

Papaya can eliminate dead skin cells excess lipid layer on the surface of the skin and make it look soft and smooth. Lipid is a general term for fat from which the oil formation. Papaya also contains an enzyme called papain which is useful to reduce inflammation and help prevent the formation of pus.

Material:

1 fresh papaya fruit

Use:

Rinse your face with clean water then dry. Mash the papaya flesh until smooth and then apply to face evenly. Leave on for 15­20 minutes then rinse your face with warm water.

6. Pasta Orange Skin

Orange has always been known to be very beneficial to the skin which can rejuvenate the cells and make the skin so fresh. Acne is caused by bacteria that infect the dead skin cells that clog pores, with vitamin C contained in citrus, the new cells can grow rapidly. Pasta orange peel that has been processed can be used to get rid of acne naturally

Material:

• 2 oranges
• Clean fresh water

Use:

Rinse face first with water and then dried. Orange peel puree using a blender or pestle and then add a little water and make a kind of pasta. After obtaining the ideal mix apply to face for 20­25 minutes. Rinse your face with clean water.

7. Tea tree oil

The benefits of tea tree oil has been known for a long time and are used as an alternative treatment. In general, tea tree oil is used as a medicine to treat skin especially acne. Tea tree oil works by dissolving the sebum and dead skin cells that prevent infection under the skin surface. In addition, tea tree oil also has anti­bacterial properties that can kill the bacteria that cause acne and prevent infection. This oil is used topically to the face and not swallowed.

Material:

• 1 small bottle of tea tree oil
• Clean water
• Cotton balls

Use:

Wash your face first and then dried. Dilute the tea tree oil by mixing it with water at a ratio of 1: 9 (1 drop tea versus 9 drops of water). Dip a cotton ball in the mixture and then apply to the face with acne.

8. Mix the strawberries with honey to treat acne

Honey and strawberries are the most potent acne natural cure and very easy to make. Strawberries have high levels of salicylic acid that can get rid of acne fast. Salicylic acid is the basic ingredient of acne healers are widely used commercial drugs. This acid works opens clogged pores and neutralize the bacteria so that the infection does not occur. Honey works by fighting bacteria that cause infections that may be in acne. Honey also acts as an anti­inflammatory.

Material:

• 3 fresh strawberries
• 2 teaspoons honey

Use:

First wash and dry your face thoroughly. Rinse and third destroy strawberries was then mixed with two teaspoons of honey until evenly distributed. Apply to face with acne, especially in the area for approximately 20 minutes. Rinse your face with clean water and dry.

9. Banana Skin for face mask

Besides the fruit which has many health benefits, a banana peel is also very good to get rid of acne. Banana peel contains a substance called lutein, a powerful antioxidant that can reduce swelling and inflammation and promote the growth of new cells. Rubbing banana peel to the face can reduce the discomfort often caused acne.

Material:

1 piece of banana skin

Use:

Peel the bananas and eat their fruit. Take the skin and then rub in a circular to the entire face. After all areas of the face has been rubbed, let stand for 30 minutes then rinse with clean water.

10. Aloe vera to treat acne

Aloe vera gel is often used as an ingredient in cosmetics to remove stubborn acne. You can save more by planting their own herbs in your home and begin using the resulting gel to treat the facial skin.

Aloe vera has anti­bacterial and soothing properties and is antiinflammatory,

aloe vera gel can reduce acne redness that has swelled.

Material:

Aloe vera gel to taste.

Use:

Wash your face thoroughly. Use your fingertips to pinch then apply aloe vera gel to acne on the face. Let stand for 20 minutes then wash and clean your face with water.

Tips: Clean your pillowcase

Technically pillowcases should be washed at least once a week. Pillows are the only materials that come into contact with your skin for approximately 6 hours each day. Pillows were dirty and rarely cleaned will make acne worse and more difficult to remove. Wash and dry your pillowcases once a week and drying pillows and bolster pillows your head so that bacteria can not live and grow there.

11. Mask sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to remove acne scars

This substance is also called baking soda, as an acne medication, this substance is very remarkable in removing acne is mild or severe. Sodium bicarbonate has antideptik properties that can fight the fungus and bacteria and is able to drain the excess oil.

Material:

A box of baking soda

Clean water

Use:

There are two ways to make the substance sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) as a reliever acne that make a face mask or scrub. If you want to make a mask, a box of baking soda mixed with water to form a thick paste. Apply the paste to the face in a circular motion for 2 minutes. Let stand for 15­20 minutes and then rinse your face with warm water and pat dry.

To scrub, mix half a cup of soda banking with one­eighth cup of water. Apply the resulting paste to the face, then massage gently and slowly. After 5­6 minutes, rinse your face with warm water and pat dry.

12. Lemon juice

Not many know that the usual lemon juice drink it can be used to remove stubborn acne. The content of vitamin C in a glass of lemon juice is very good as skin nutrients. Likewise with nitric acid content in it that can help the process of exfoliation.

Material:

• 1 tablespoon lemon juice
• Cotton balls
• Yogurt (optional)

Use:

Rinse your face with clean water then dry. Dip a cotton ball in lemon juice and give yourself to the facial acne. If it feels sore, mix with a little yogurt.

13. Steam bath

Steam can help relieve acne by opening the pores and remove dead cells from the skin. If you do not usually use the usual steam facilities provided by many a gym, then you can vaporize face using simple materials below.

Material:

• 1 pot of boiling water
• Dry towel
• 1 large bowl

Use:

1 Boil a pan of water to boil and pour into a large bowl. The cool water for a few minutes before use. Once the water temperature decreases slightly, place your face over the bowl with a towel was placed over the head. After 10­15 minutes remove the towel and pat your face dry. Perform these tips once a day to remove acne and blackheads from the face.

14. Garlic cure inflammation caused by acne

Garlic is a natural remedy to treat cystic acne due to its anti­bacterial. Its use can be done in several ways, one of them with chewed or made as juice. If it is difficult, you can pound the garlic until crushed and mixed with water before drinking. Never apply garlic to the skin without the thin it first.

Material:

2­3 cloves of garlic

Water or aloe vera gel

15. Oatmeal

Oatmeal can help you eliminate acne from the inside and the outside. If you soak and cook the grain and use it as a face mask, the inflammation caused by acne can be reduced or the effects of redness caused by infection can be eliminated. For better results, add a few drops of honey into your oatmeal mask.

Material:

• 1 serving of oatmeal
• Water
• 2 tablespoons raw honey

Use:

Prepare oatmeal as usual (follow use instructions). Under conditions still hot, add two tablespoons of raw honey to the oatmeal. Let stand until the mixture becomes cold and then apply the mixture to the face. Do not apply to face while the mixture is still hot as it can cause burns. Leave the mask on the face for 20­30 minutes, then rinse with warm water and pat dry

Acne Facts

1. Experts believe that the main cause of acne is the increase in the blood levels of the hormone androgen.
2. Several previous studies demonstrate that susceptibility to acne also is genetic.
3. Acne treatment really depends on how severe and how often you experience it.
4. Acne can be aggravated by many other factors such as menstrual cycles, anxiety and stress, hot climate, cosmetics made from oil or greasy hair.

16. Sugar scrub

White or red sugar has the benefit of getting rid of excess skin cells that can clog pores. mix the sugar with honey, olive oil and water will create a sweet scrub that can eliminate acne of the face. There are many different recipes in making scrup made from sugar, following the one that we recommend.

Material:

• 1 ½ cup white sugar
• 1 ½ cup brown sugar
• 2­3 tablespoons coarse sea salt
• 1/2 cup extra virgin olive oil
• 10 tablespoon pure vanilla extracts
• 1 vanilla bean

 Use:

Mix 1 ½ cup sugar with 1 ½ cup brown sugar, add 2 tablespoons of sea salt and stir until smooth. If you want to add the vanilla bean, then peel it first had to add to the sugar mixture. Put 2 cups of mixture of sugar / salt / vanilla into a measuring cup and then pour the olive oil and leave it for a while.

17. Mask avocado and honey

There are many myths that developed in the community about acne one of them is eating avocados can cause acne because the fat content in it. Yet so far there is no concrete evidence that can prove the relationship between acne with avocado.

And even vitamins and nutrients in avocados can help dislodge stubborn acne especially if you include having sensitive skin types. Combine avocado with honey face mask will be very good as a natural cure acne.

Material:

• 1 avocado
• 1 tablespoon honey

Use:

Rinse the face first and then dried. Remove the avocado flesh and mash and stir together 1 tablespoon of honey. Mash the dough until it forms a paste and apply to face, especially in areas with acne. Let's face for 15­20 minutes then rinse with warm water and pat dry.

18. Potatoes

Potato is one type of vegetable that can be used to tame the stubborn acne. Potatoes are rich in potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, and chloride which can help remove stains interfere in the face. Potatoes also have high antioxidant which can nourish the skin and mendoron cell growth of new skin cells.

Material:

1 potato

Use:

Wash your face with clean water until moist face. Grate one potato and rub into your face for a few minutes. Allow the potatoes in the face for 15­30 minutes and then rinse your face using warm water, then dry

19. Drink tea

Many studies prove that green tea can help heal acne when used externally. Internal use is also called quite helpful but research has yet to provide concrete evidence as external use.

The study mentions antioxidants contained in green tea called epigallocatechin­3­ gallate, or EGCG. EGCG is proven to reduce the production of sebum, prevents inflammation and growth of bacteria on the skin.

Material:

1/2 cup fresh water

2 teaspoons organic leaf

Use:

Wash your face with clean water then dry. Keep the tea leaves in a clean mengkuk then pour fresh water into it and boil. Cool the mixture of water and pour the tea leaves had to container or spray bottle. Use by spraying to the face.

20. Refresh your face with mint leaves

Mint contains menthol, which works as an anti­inflammatory and natural pain relief. Mint will not cure acne but can help eliminate the effects of facial redness caused by acne as well as relieve painful swelling due to infection.

Material:

A handful of fresh mint leaves

Use:

Rinse and wash face with water and pat dry. Crush the mint leaves in a blender or mash until smooth. Rub mint had been pulverized into your face and let sit for 5­10 minutes. Finally rinse with cold water and pat dry

How to Overcome Flu with Natural Herbal Medicines

A natural treatment method has been widely used by our society. Actually this is not a new trend, as grandparents or our ancestors actually has many uses natural efficacy for treating various diseases. Along the progress of time, the natural treatment methods began to be abandoned and the forgotten and replaced with modern medicines or drugs are considered more practical chemistry. Wrong use of chemical drugs to treat diseases? We think not, however, limit its use because of chemical drugs have adverse side effects when frequently consumed.

If you have never used a natural remedy to cure your disease, then there's nothing wrong, from this moment to glance at and try to use natural medicinal plants to solve your health problems. Well, this article we will discuss about the flu How to cope with natural medicine. Quite easy, without the need to see your doctor can treat yourself by following the steps below. Please choose one, which is easily obtainable materials.

1. Blend 1 tablespoon of carom seeds (a type of spice from India), wrap it in a handkerchief. Breathe whenever you feel clogged nose / difficulty breathing because of the flu.
2. Boil 1 teaspoon pepper powder by using a cup of milk and a little saffron. Also add sugar to taste to add to taste. Drink 1 time a day for 3 days
3. Drink a mixture of 3 to 4 teaspoons of onion juice with 3 to 4 teaspoons of honey in order to prevent you from flu
4. Mix half a teaspoon of cinnamon oil with half a teaspoon of honey is efficacious drugs for flu.
5. Mash rude ginger, then boiled in a cup of water, up to the amount of water is reduced by half, then add the honey. Drink while warm before bedtime

Flu disease, it is not a severe illness. But if left unchecked, it will interfere with your activities. So, there's nothing wrong when trying a few recipes of natural medicine as flu coming on. With proper treatment, the flu will not stand for long in your body. Hopefully this information is useful for you.

Skin Orange Tangerines Powerful Overcome Cancer

Tangerines who had only known for its sweetness, apparently also has another secret so amazing, because not only the fruit that has the content and benefits that are beneficial for your body. Tangerine peel is generally used only for the manufacture of a mixture of chopped cucumber sambal or it seems to have had a potent efficacy in overcoming cancer. Curious, is not it? Let us consider the following review.

A source said that the tangerine is composed of a very good variety of nutrients needed by the body, such as a wide variety of minerals, iron, glucose, various vitamins, from vitamin A to vitamin C, and calcium, alkaloids, essential oils, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponin and so on.

But, the fact is that not only the content contained in tangerine. It turns out her skin has a natural chemical compounds that are very instrumental in helping to overcome cancer. It is known that orange peel tangerine fruit is composed of several natural chemical compounds, including tangeritin, cystine, tyrosine, decanol, Citronellal, thymol, decanal and many others. One of the substances chemical compounds may help to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and contribute to anticancer agents in the body

Natural Ways to Overcome Sore Throat

When the throat used for swallowing difficult, and feel tremendous pain, then maybe you are being exposed to strep throat. This occurs as a result you eat too much spicy food, extreme weather, fatigue and stress. From it you do not need to worry, there are several ways in dealing with a throat infection, anything? Let us consider together: Natural Ways to Overcome Sore Throat

Natural Ways to Overcome Sore Throat

Salt

Various studies on health concluded, that gargling with salt capable throat. Salt can also help to reduce the swelling of the throat. Take 1 teaspoon salt mix with warm water, then stir and use as a mouthwash. Do this repeatedly until your throat pain is reduced.

Disposable inhaler

Spraying cough in the throat will increase the production of saliva, so it will feel more wet throat and sore throat would be reduced.

Drinking water

Keeping the body hydrated and conditioned the way in reducing sore throat. Make your body to stay hydrated will make your throat moist, and the pain would be even gradually reduced.

Tea

Drink a cup of hot tea for a sore throat can reduce, choose black tea or green tea contains more antioxidants. You can add honey to add benefits.

Chicken soup

Consumption of chicken soup when the sore throat will be able to relieve the infection. Chicken soup contains anti-inflammatory that can reduce pain in the throat.

Keeping your body to stay healthy is very important, so that your daily activities are not disrupted. Always eat nutritious foods and do not forget to always exercise no matter how busy your daily activities. So and I hope useful.

Vaksin

Sumber: Google

Sejarah Vaksin

Menurut Mandal (2010), penemuan vaksin merupakan penemuan yang sangat penting dan berarti di dunia kesehatan. Penemuan ini merupakan penemuan paling sukses dan merupakan langkah yang baik untuk mencegah penyakit dan menyelamatkan nyawa. Hal ini terutama berlaku untuk anak - anak di seluruh dunia. Selama paruh terakhir abad ke-20, semua penyakit yang dulunya terlalu umum berubah menjadi langka di dunia sejak ditemukannya vaksin. Ratusan juta nyawa dan miliaran dolar dalam pengeluaran kesehatan masyarakat pun telah diselamatkan dengan luas vaksinasi yang berhasil dilakukan.

Vaksin pertama yang dikembangkan adalah vaksin cacar oleh Edward Jenner, dokter dari Inggris, di Berkeley. Ia menemukan bahwa orang yang minum susu dari sapi cacar relatif kebal terhadap penyakit cacar. Dia mengambil eksudat dan sekresi dari cowpox Pustul di sebelah dairymaid Sarah Nelmes dan dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh laki-laki berusia 8 tahun James Phipps pada 14 Mei 1796.

Hasil vaksinasi efektif karena anak laki-laki tersebut tidak mengidap penyakit cacar bahkan ketika dia terinfeksi dengan virus cacar kecil enam minggu setelah vaksinasi. Jenner mempublikasikan penemuannya pada 1798. Meskipun oposisi, tapi vaksinasi segera diterima.

Louis Pasteur mengembangkan penemuan Jenner dengan mengembangkan vaksin rabies (sekarang disebut antitoxin). Dan di abad ke-19, undang-undang wajib vaksinasi disahkan. Zaman keemasan pengembangan vaksin tidak datang sampai setelah Perang Dunia II, ketika beberapa vaksin baru dikembangkan dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Keberhasilan mereka dalam mencegah penyakit seperti polio dan campak mengubah sejarah Kedokteran.

Pada tahun 1967, WHO memimpin kampanye imunisasi besar-besaran terhadap cacar. Dalam sepuluh tahun, penyakit ini telah divaksinasi eksistensi. Virus-liar polio yang setelah beredar luas di hampir setiap wilayah di dunia, sekarang hadir di hanya segelintir negara, tanpa kasus didiagnosis di Amerika Serikat sejak tahun 1979. Campak, gondok, rubella, difteri, dan Pertusis dikurangi dari epidemi menakutkan untuk wabah langka dalam beberapa dekade.

Penggolongan Vaksin

Menurut Prof. Dr. Hariyono Suyitno dr. Sp A (K) dalam buku Pedoman Imunisasi di Indonesia (2008) (Sunarti, 2012 : 45) pada dasarnya vaksin digolongkan menjadi dua jenis berdasarkan asal antigen (Immunization Essential) (Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Depkes RI, 2009 : 5), yaitu :

• Live attenuated (kuman atau virus hidup yang dilemahkan).
• Inactivated (kuman, virus atau komponennya yang dibuat tidak aktif).

Sifat vaksin attenuated dan inactivated berbeda sehingga menentukan bagaimana vaksin ini digunakan. Vaksin hidup attenuated diproduksi di laboratorium dengan cara melakukan modifikasi virus atau bakteri penyebab penyakit. Vaksin mikroorganisme yang dihasilkan masih memiliki kemampuan untuk tumbuh menjadi lebih banyak (replikasi) dengan menimbulkan kekebalan tapi tidak menyebabkan penyakit.

Vaksin hidup dibuat dari virus atau bakteri liar (Wild) penyebab penyakit. Virus atau bakteri liar ini dilemahkan (attenuated) di laboratorium, biasanya dengan cara pembiakan berulang - ulang. Misalnya, vaksin campak yang dipakai sampai sekarang, diisolasi untuk mengubah virus campak liar menjadi virus vaksin dibutuhkan waktu 10 tahun dengan cara melakukan penanaman pada jaringan media pembiakan secara serial dari seorang anak yang menderita penyakit campak pada tahun 1954.

Vaksin hidup attenuated bersifat labil dan dapat mengalami kerusakan bila terkena panas atau sinar, maka harus dilakukan pengelolaan dan penyimpanan dengan baik dan hati - hati. Vaksin hidup attenuated yang tersedia berasal dari dua mikroorganisme :

• Berasal dari virus hidup : Vaksin campak, gondongan (parotitis), rubela, polio, rotavirus, demam kuning (yellow fever).
• Berasal dari bakteri : Vaksin BCG dan demam tifoid oral.

Vaksin Inactivated dapat terdiri atas seluruh tubuh virus atau bakteri atau komponen dari kedua organisme tersebut. Vaksin komponen dapat berbasis protein atau berbasis polisakarida. Vaksin yang berbasis protein termasuk toksaid (toksin bakteri yang inactivated) dan produk sub unit atau sub-vision. Sebagian besar vaksin berbasis polisakarida terdiri atas dinding sel polisakarida asli bakteri. Vaksin penggabungan (conjugate vaccine) polisakarida adalah yang secara kimiawi dihubungkan dengan protein, karena hubungan ini membuat polisakarida tersebut menjadi lebih paten.

Pembuatan vaksin Inactivated dilakukan dengan cara membiakkan bakteri atau virus dalam media pembiakkan (persemaian), kemudian dibuat tidak aktif (inactivated) dengan cara penanaman bahan kimia (biasanya formalin). Untuk vaksin komponen organisme tersebut dibuat murni dan hanya komponen - komponennya yang dimasukkan ke dalam vaksin (misalnya kapsul polisakarida dari kuman pneumokokus).

Vaksin Inactivated tidak hidup dan tidak dapat tumbuh, maka seluruh dosis antigen dimasukkan dalam suntikan.Vaksin ini tidak menyebabkan penyakit (walaupun pada orang dengan defisiensi imun) dan tidak dapat mengalami mutasi menjadi bentuk patogenik.

Vaksin Inactivated yang tersedia saat ini berasal dari :

• Seluruh sel virul yang inactivated, contoh influenza, polio (injeksi disuntikkan), rabies, hepatitis A.
• Seluruh bakteri yang inactivated, contoh pertusis, tifoid, kolera, lepra.
• Vaksin fraksional yang masuk sub-unit, contoh hepatitis B, influenza, pertusis a-selular, tifoid Vi, lyme disease.
• Toksoid, contoh difteria, tetanus, botulinum.
• Polisakarida murni, contoh pneumokokus, meningokokus, dan Haenophillus influenza tipe B.
• Gabungan polisakarida (Haemophillus influenza tipe B dan pneumikokus).

Vaksin Polisakarida

Vaksin polisakarida adalah vaksin sub-unit yang inactivated dengan bentuknya yang unik terdiri atas rantai panjang molekul - molekul gula yang membentuk permukaan kapsul bakteri tertentu. Vaksin polisakarida murni tersedia untuk tiga macam penyakit, yaitu pneumokokus, meningokokus, dan Haemophillus influenza tipe B.

Vaksin Rekombinan

Antigen vaksin dapat pula dihasilkan dengan cara teknik rekayasa genetik. Produk ini sering disebut sebagai vaksin rekombinan.

Terdapat tiga jenis vaksin yang dihasilkan dengan rekayasa genetik yang saat ini telah tersedia.

• Vaksin hepatitis B dihasilkan dengan cara memasukkan suatu segmen gen virus hepatitis B ke dalam gen sel ragi. Sel ragi yang telah berubah (modified) ini menghasilkan antigen permukaan hepatitis B murni.
• Vaksin tifoid (Ty 21a) adalah kriteria Salmonella typhi yang secara genetik diubah (modified) sehingga tidak menyebabkan sakit.

Tiga dari empat virus berada di dalam vaksin rotavirus hidup adalah rotavirus kera rhesus yang diubah (modified) secara genetik menghasilkan antigen rotavirus manusia apabila mereka mengalami replikasi.

Berdasarkan sensitivitas terhadap suhu, vaksin juga dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :

Vaksin sensitif beku (Freeze Sensitive), yaitu golongan vaksin yang akan rusak terhadap suhu dingin dibawah 0˚C (beku) seperti :

•  Hepatitis B.
•  DPT.
•  DPT-HB.
•  DT.
•  TT.

Vaksin sensitif panas (Heat Sensitive), yaitu golongan vaksin yang akan rusak terhadap paparan panas yang berlebihan, yaitu :

•  BCG.
•  Polio, dan
•  Campak.

(Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Depkes RI, 2009:5).

Jenis - Jenis Vaksin

Menurut Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Depkes RI (2009), vaksin yang beredar di Indonesia cukup banyak jenisnya, baik yang digunakan individu oleh dokter atau bidan dalam imunisasi. Namun hingga saat ini yang baru dimasukkan ke dalam program imunisasi baru beberapa jenis vaksin. Namun demikian, selain vaksin program imunisasi masih ada vaksin lain yang juga dapat digunakan oleh program lain di Depkes yang perlu dipantau untuk keamanan penyimpanan vaksin. Berikut ini akan diuraikan vaksin program imunisasi dan vaksin di luar program yang disimpan dipenyimpanan vaksin di tingkat provinsi/kabupaten maupun puskesmas.

Vaksin - Vaksin Yang Digunakan Pada Program Imunisasi Saat Ini

1) Vaksin BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)

Vaksin BCG adalah vaksin bentuk kering yang mengandung Mycobacterium bovis yang sudah dilemahkan dari strain Paris no. 1173.P2 (Vademecum Bio Farma, 2011). Vaksin BCG digunakan untuk kekebalan aktif terhadap tuberkulosa.

2) Vaksin DPT

Vaksin jerap DPT (Difteri Pertusis Tetanus) adalah vaksin yang terdiri dari toxoid difteri dan tetanus yang dimurnikan serta bakteri pertusis yang telah diinaktivasi dan teradsorbsi ke dalam 3 mg/ml aluminium fosfat. Potensi vaksin per dosis tunggal sedikitnya 4 IU pertusis, 30 IU difteri, dan 60 IU tetanus (Vademecum Bio Farma, 2011). Vaksin DPTHB digunakan untuk memberikan kekebalan secara simultan terhadap difteri, tetanus, dan batuk rejan. Di unit pelayanan statis, vaksin DPTHB yang telah dibuka boleh digunakan selama 4 minggu, dengan ketentuan :

•  Vaksin belum kadaluwarsa.
•  Vaksin disimpan dalam suhu 2˚C s.d. 8˚C.
•  Tidak pernah terendam air.
•  Sterilitasnya terjaga.
• VVM masih dalam kondisi A dan B.

Vaksin TT

Vaksin jerap TT (Tetanus Toxoid) adalah vaksin yang mengandung toxoid tetanus yang telah dimurnikan dan teradsorbsi ke dalam 3 mg/ml aluminium fosfat. Satu dosis 0,5 ml vaksin mengandung potensi sedikitnya 40 IU. Dipergunakan untuk mencegah tetanus pada bayi yang baru lahir dengan mengimunisasi WUS (Wanita Usia Subur) atau ibu hamil, juga untuk pencegahan tetanus pada ibu bayi (Vademecum Bio Farma, 2011).

Vaksin DT

Vaksin jerap DT (Difteri Tetanus) adalah vaksin yang mengandung toxoid difteri dan tetanus yang telah dimurnikan dan teradsorbsi ke dalam 3 mg/ml aluminium fosfat. Potensi komponen vaksin per dosis tunggal sedikitnya 30 IU untuk potensi toxoid difteri dan 40 IU untuk poensi toxoid tetanus (Vademecum Bio Farma, 2011). Vaksin DT digunakan untuk memberikan kekebalan simultan terhadap difteri dan tetanus.

Vaksin Polio

Vaksin Oral Polio hidup adalah Vaksin Polio Trivalent yang terdiri dari suspense virus poliomyelitis tipe 1, 2, dan 3 (Strain Sabin) yang sudah dilemahkan, dibuat dalam biakan jaringan ginjal kera dan distabilkan dengan sukrosa (Vedemecum Bio Farma, 2011). Vaksin Polio digunakan untuk memberikan kekebalan aktif terhadap poliomyelitis.

Vaksin Campak

Vaksin campak merupakan vaksin virus hidup yang dilemahkan. Setiap dosis (0,5 ml) mengandung tidak kurang dari 1000 infective unit virus strain CAM 70 dan tidak lebih dari 100 mcg residu kanamycin dan 30 mcg erythromycin. Vaksin ini berbentuk vaksin beku kering yang harus dilarutkan dengan aquabidest steril (Vedemecum Bio Farma, 2011). Vaksin campak digunakan untuk memberikan kekebalan secara aktif terhadap penyakit campak.

Vaksin Hepatitis B

Vaksin hepatitis B adalah vaksin virus rekombinan yang telah diinaktivasikan dan bersifat non-infecious, berasal dari HbsAg yang dihasilkan dalam sel ragi (Hansenula polymorpha) menggunakan DNA rekombinan. Vaksin ini merupakan suspensi

berwarna putih yang diproduksi dari jaringan sel ragi yang mengandung gen HbsAg yang dimurnikan dan diinaktivasi melalui beberapa tahap proses fisiko kimia seperti ultrasentrifuse, kromatografi kolom, dan perlakuan dengan formaldehid (Vademecum Bio Farma, 2011).

Vaksin Hepatitis B digunakan untuk memberikan kekebalan aktif terhadap infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus Hepatitis B, tapi tidak dapat mencegah infeksi virus lain seperti virus hepatitis A dan C yang diketahui dapat menginfeksi hati. Vaksin DPT-HB

Vaksin mengandung DPT-HB berupa toxoid difteri dan toxoid tetanus yang dimurnikan dan pertusis yang inaktivasi serta vaksin hepatitis B yang merupakan sub unit vaksin virus yang mengandung HbsAg murni dan bersifat non infectios. Vaksin hepatitis B ini merupakan vaksin DNA rekombinan yang berasal dari HbsAg yang diproduksi melalui teknologi DNA rekombinan pada sel ragi (Vademecum Bio Farma, 2011). Vaksin DPT-HB digunakan untuk memberikan kekebalan aktif terhadap penyakit difteri, tetanus, pertusis, dan hepatitis B.

Vaksin Lain di Luar Program Imunisasi Yang Ada di Provinsi/Kabupaten/Kota

Vaksin Meningokokus

Vaksin ini diberikan kepada semua calon jemaah haji yang akan berangkat beribadah ke Mekkah. Dosis pemberian adalah 0,5 ml diberikan secara subcutan pada lengan atas. Vaksin ini merupakan vaksin beku kering dengan pelarut menempel pada vial.

Japanese Enchephalitis (JE)

Dosis pemberian adalah 0,5 ml sebanyak 3 kali, diberikan secara subcutan pada lengan atas.

Haemofilus Influenzae (Hib)

Dosis pemberian adalah 0,5 ml sebanyak 2-3 kali tergantung produsen vaksin, diberikan intramuscular pada paha tengah luar untuk bayi dan lengan atas luar untuk anak-anak yang lebih tua.

Vaksin Anti Rabies (VAR)/Serum Anti Rabies (SAR)

Diberikan jika terkena virus rabies lewat gigitan atau cakaran hewan penderita rabies atau luka yang terkena air liur hewan penderita rabies. Pemberian dengan cara intramuscular/intradermal. Ada dua tipe VAR, yaitu NTV (Nerve Tissue Vaccine) dan NNV (Non Nerve Vaccine).

Pengelolaan Vaksin

Menurut Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Depkes RI (2009), pengelolaan vaksin meliputi kegiatan perencanaan, pengadaan, penyimpanan dan pendistribusian, penggunaan, pencatatan dan pelaporan serta monitoring dan evaluasi. Vaksin hendaknya dikelola secara optimal untuk menjamin tercapainya tepat jumlah dan jenis obat, penyimpanan, waktu pendistribusian, dan penggunaan obat, serta terjamin mutunya di unit pelayanan kesehatan.

Dalam pelaksanaan program imunisasi, pengadaan vaksin yang dikelola ditingkat pusat, provinsi, kabupaten/kota perlu dilaksanakan secara efektif dan efesien sehingga hasilnya dapat dipertanggungjawabkan baik dari segi fisik, keuangan maupun manfaatnya bagi kelancaran pelaksanaan program imunisasi sehingga Kajadian Ikutan Pasca Imunisasi (KIPI) yang tidak diinginkan tidak akan terjadi. KIPI merupakan suatu kejadian yang disebabkan oleh berberapa faktor diantaranya menurunnya atau hilangnya potensi vaksin dan rusaknya vaksin. Cara distribusi dan penyimpanan yang tidak tepat merupakan salah satu penyebab menurunnya atau hilangnya potensi vaksin yang pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan KIPI.

Pendistribusian Vaksin

Pendistribusian vaksin berdasarkan Pedoman Pengelolaan Vaksin yang dikeluarkan oleh Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan Depkes RI yaitu vaksin alokasi provinsi didistribusikan langsung dari produsen ke provinsi sesuai alokasi yang tertera dalam kontrak. Vaksin alokasi pusat diserahkan ke gudang vaksin Depkes RI. Pendistribusian vaksin alokasi provinsi (terutama BCG) dilakukan secara bertahap (minimal tiga kali pengiriman) dengan interval waktu dan jumlah yang seimbang dengan memperhatikan tanggal kadaluarsa dan kemampuan penyerapan. Khusus vaksin DT bisa dilakukan dalam sekali pengiriman. Setiap melakukan pengiriman vaksin ke provinsi, produsen wajib melaporkan ke Direktorat Bina Obat Publik dan Perbekkes, Dirjen Binfar dan Alkes. Pengiriman vaksin ke provinsi berdasarkan permintaan resmi dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi yang ditujukan kepada Ditjen P2PL, Direktorat Sepimkesma, dengan tembusan ke Ditjen Binfar dan Alkes, Direktorat Bina Obat Publik dan Perbekalan Kesehatan.

Permintaan pengiriman vaksin harus mempertimbangkan tingkat stok maksimum kebutuhan dan kapasitas tempat penyimpanan provinsi. Setiap pengiriman vaksin menggunakan cold box yang berisi kotak dingin cair (cool pack) untuk vaksin TT, DT, Hepatitis B, dan DPT-HB, kotak beku (cold pack) untuk vaksin BCG dan Campak, serta dry ice untuk vaksin Polio. Pelarut dan penetes dikemas tanpa menggunakan pendingin. Pengepakan vaksin yang sensitif pembekuan (DT, TT, Hepatitis B, dan DPT-HB) dilengkapi dengan indikator pembekuan, vaksin BCG disertai dengan indikator paparan panas.

Setiap pengiriman harus disertai laporan kedatangan vaksin VAR (Vaccine Arrival Report),copy CoR (Certificate of Release) untuk setiap batch serta SP (Surat Pengantar) untuk vaksin alokasi provinsi/SBBK (Surat Bukti Barang Keluar) untuk vaksin alokasi pusat.

Distribusi dari Dinkes Provinsi dilakukan atas dasar permintaan resmi dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota, dengan mempertimbangkan stok maksimum kebutuhan dan daya tamping penyimpanan vaksin di kabupaten/kota. Distribusi bisa dilakukan dengan cara dikirimkan oleh provinsi atau diambil oleh kabupaten/kota.

Distribusi dari kabupaten/kota ke Puskesmas dilakukan atas dasar permintaan resmi dari Puskesmas dengan menggunakan Laporan Pemakaian dan Lembar Permintaan Obat (LPLPO). Setiap distribusi vaksin harus mempertimbangkan stok maksimum kebutuhan dan daya tampung penyimpanan vaksin. Distribusi bisa dilakukan dengan cara dikirimkan oleh kabupaten/kota atau diambil oleh Puskesmas. Hal - hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendistribusian vaksin :

• Pendistribusian vaksin harus memperhatikan kondisi Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM), tanggal kadaluarsa (FEFO), dan urutan masuk vaksin (FIFO).
• Setiap distribusi vaksin menggunakan cold box yang berisi kotak dingin cair (cool pack) untuk vaksin TT, DT, Hepatitis B PID,dan DPT-HB, serta kotak beku (cold pack) untuk vaksin BCG, Campak, dan Polio.
• Apabila pendistribusian vaksin dalam jumlah kecil, dimana vaksin sensitif beku dicampur dengan sensitif panas maka digunakan cold box yang berisi kotak dingin cair (cool pack).
• Pengepakan vaksin sensitif beku harus dilengkapi dengan indicator pembekuan.

Penyimpanan Vaksin

Berdasarkan Pedoman Pengelolaan Vaksin, tujuan penyimpanan vaksin adalah agar mutu dapat dipertahankan /tidak kehilangan potensi, aman/tidak hilang, dan terhindar dari kerusakan fisik. Sarana dan prasarana yang harus disediakan dalam penyimpanan vaksin :

• Cool room.
• Freezer.
• Lemari es.
• Cool box.
• Cool pack.
• Vaccine carrier.
• Generator.

Untuk menyimpan vaksin dibutuhkan peralatan rantai vaksin, yaitu seluruh peralatan yang digunakan dalam pengelolaan vaksin sesuai dengan prosedur untuk menjaga vaksin pada suhu yang telah ditetapkan, dari mulai vaksin diproduksi di pabrik pembuat vaksin sampai dengan pemberian vaksinasi pada sasaran Ibu dan Anak. Fungsi dari peralatan rantai vaksin adalah untuk menyimpan/membawa vaksin pada suhu yang telah ditetapkan sehingga potensi vaksin dapat terjamin sampai masa kadaluarsanya.

Jenis peralatan rantai vaksin berbeda pada setiap tingkatan administratif sesuai dengan fungsi dan kapasitas vaksin yang dikelola. Skema berikut ini menggambarkan jenis dan fungsi peralatan mulai dari pabrik sampai kepada sasaran.